Anterograde and Retrograde MemoryĪnterograde memory is the ability to learn new information and to form new memories from a given moment forward. This phenomenon is commonly known as ''release'' from PI. On the fifth trial, participants who are asked to recall another set of words from the same category continue to demonstrate PI, whereas those who are asked to recall words from a new semantic category (e.g., clothing) show improvement, known as ''release'' from PI.ĭissimilar list of words demonstrate improved recall.
The effect of PI can be seen in the decline in performance over these trials. On four consecutive trials, study participants are asked to recall different lists of words from the same semantic category (e.g., animals).
#PROACTIVE AMNESIA. TRIAL#
Individuals who are presented more animal names on trial 5 continue to demonstrate PI, whereas those presented with aįigure 2 An illustration of proactive interference (PI). Results of such an experiment are presented in Fig. Half of the individuals are presented another list of animal names, whereas the other half are presented a list of words belonging to an unrelated category (e.g., clothing). Using the previous example, suppose a group of individuals are asked to learn four successive word lists, all of which contain different animal names. One interesting aspect of PI is that presenting dissimilar interfering information can facilitate memory. In addition, if the lists all contain similar words, such as animal names, memory for each new list will be worse than if each list contained a variety of different words. If one were presented five successive word lists, the effect of PI would be greater after the fifth list was presented than after the second list was presented. As more lists are presented, memory for the new words declines because previously learned words produce interference.Īs with RI, the effect of PI on recall also increases with the amount of interfering information and the degree of similarity to the target information. After the first list is presented and memory for the words is assessed, a new list of words is presented and memory for the new words is assessed.
For example, suppose one is asked to learn several lists of different words. Proactive interference (PI) occurs when information presented at an earlier time interferes with one's ability to learn and recall new information. If a large amount of similar material is presented between initial learning and eventual recall of target information, recall will be poorer than if small amounts of dissimilar information had been presented during the intervening time. The effect of RI is a function of the amount of new information encountered and the degree to which the interfering information and target information are similar. Patients with retention problems do not benefit from recognition testing.
#PROACTIVE AMNESIA. FREE#
Patients with retrieval problems show poor delayed memory when assessed by free recall but normal memory when assessed by recognition. Compared to individuals with no memory disorder, patients with encoding problems do not recall more words with repeated exposure to information. Memory for the word list is again assessed after a 20-min delay by means of free recall and recognition. A list of 16 words is presented over five learning trials, with memory for the list assessed immediately after each trial. In this example, information read in the most recent chapter interferes with memory for information from previous chapters.įigure 1 Memory test profiles expected in neurologically intact individuals and patients with primary deficits of encoding, retrieval, or retention. For example, a student studying several text chapters for an exam will be able to recall a greater amount of information from a chapter that he or she has just finished reading than from a chapter that was read earlier in the evening. Retroactive interference (RI) refers to the disrupting effect that new learning has on the ability to recall previously learned information. This disruption is known as an ''interference effect.'' 1. Memory can be disrupted by events or information encountered at approximately the time of encoding.
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